Calibration etc. Asthetics Makes Cartridge demagnetisers Winds Makes an high quality arm load meter. Turntable Basics Sell turntable accessories, calibration, belts etc.. Gyrascope A fascinating, highly accurate and expensive turntable speed tester. Van Den Hul Makes a variety of turntable, tonearm and pickup calibration accessories. Merrill Audio This company sells a nice booklet explaining the proper set-up of turntables Technical Info. German article on the theory of RIAA EQ Theory Has a few old (but very good) technical papers on turntable, arm and cart theory. Tweaking your record player A very good article from Stereophile. Understanding The Issues Behind Cartridge Alignment Cartridge Alignment Why Ortofon and Why moving Coil ? This article is a bit out of date, but it touches on some of the issues regarding pickups that come up from time to time esp. here in England, there is always the chant "MM is technically better" to be heard from the monster raving loony linn/naim crowd. The Universal Stylus Not strictly a technical article but a fascinating read DIY The Altmann Arm Ladegaard Arm A fascinating and technically advanced tangential tonearm that you can build. DIY Arm A more conventional and somewhat more sane design. IT-1 A very ambitious project to build a high performance tangential tonearm Tonearm Cables Ortofon Has a variety of cables Van Den Hul Has a variety of tonarm and headshell cable systems, considering how expensive the interconnects from the company are these are surprisingly cheap Audio Note/Kondo Makes the Kondo KSL which is made out of aged pure silver, a tonearm cable that is revered but scarily expencive Audio Quest Audio Note UK Ltd. Zeropoint Cardas ZYX offers pure silver tonearm wire in a variety of lengths Please send any factual corrections, dead links, information and/or links that you feel that should be on this page to the page maintainer but please note that I do not have an Internet access at the moment so there may be some time before I can answer.
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The second hand market for pickup arms is booming these day's, not only are there fewer types of arms being made today than ever before but also there is a shortage of cheap unipivot arms that mate well with ultra light MM pickups (The cheaper Regas do not for instance)
When purchasing a second hand tonarm make sure that all weights (not all arms use them though) and springs come with the arm, finding a replacement can be difficult especially if the company is no longer with us.For information on arms currently in production please take a look at the Tonearms page.
Discontinued Tonearms
ACOS
Made the Lustre arm, that is said to be fairly good and also supplied a simpler arm to OEM manufacturers, the Rega RB-200 was made by ACOS amongst others.
Air Tangent
Started making the Model 1 in the latter half of the 80's and it proved to be quite popular for such an expensive design but for some unknown reason very seldom seen on the second hand market, while arms that were in a similar market segment at the time like the Goldmund are fairly common. From what I gather the arms can be upgraded to the current 1-D specification, you can read a review of the original model by Stereophile here.
Alphason
Made the HR100S and HR100s MCS arms in the late 80's early 90's, it's a medium compliance unit featuring a ultra rigid design machined from titanium right from the bearing to headshell as a one piece, features a ceramic gimbal bearings and was designed by Mike Knowles, the Xenon was a slightly cheaper version of the HR100 with standard bearings, cheaper internal wireing and a black rather than metallic coloured base but otherwise identical to the more expensive model. They also had a slightly more inexpensive models that we have no info on called Opal and Delta that also used the same basic design but were made using inferiour materials. (The HR100S was price wise similar in price to the cheaper SME's at around 500 £ or so in the early 90's). Note that the Alphason arm was designed to drop into a linn armboard and had the same .
Audak
Made simple unipivot tonearms in 12" and 16" sizes for transcription turntables in the 50's early 60's, those models are borderline on being suitable for use in modern equipment (with those vintage buffs you never know). Unusual in their day by having a replaceable headshell.
Audiocraft
One of those Japanese audio engineering companies that have been making quality arms mostly for the home market. The predecessors to the current 4400 and 3300 were the 4000 (12") and 3000 (9"), while structurally similar to the current versions they are not as configurable and were of an inferior build (not bad mind you, it's just that the current ones are stunning) so you should pay significantly less for those than for the current models. Apart from more conventional arms the company has also released a unipivot or 2 like the oil-damped AC-300 Mk 1 & 2.
Audio Quest
While the arms that the company currently makes are in the middle section of the market earlier models from the company such as the PT-5 and earlier were strictly entry level models and you should take that into account when buying and pricing, even though they look similar to the current models. Has recently discontinued the PT-6, 7 & 8 these were equivalent (and broadly similar) to the current PT-9, PT-9 Plus and PT-9 Extreme (i.e. all the same arm but the cabling differs) and around US$100 cheaper each so you might want to see if you local stockist sill has one. Taking a closer look ar at the PT-5 and PT-9 it appears that these are manufactured for Audiocraft by Jelco.
Audio Technica
Has made quite a variety of tonearms over the years but we only have information on a few of them. The AT-1007 is a medium mass 9" S shaped arm dating (I believe) from the 70's, it came with 2 counterweights and 2 matching anti-skating weights and a detachable headshell, if considering a second hand purchase make sure all 4 weights come with the arm else you will have a very limited choice of carts to use with it. The AT-1010 is a well regarded later design that features an oil damped lifter and was often sold with the cheaper Technics turntable bases like the SP25 and as such is fairly common, at any rate the one that shows up most often for sale. There was also the ATP-12 a 9" arm while the 12" variant used the ATP-12T name the 16" vatiant was called ATP-16T. There is also the AT-1501 and the AT-1503 that were produced for quite some time as it made ut up-to Mk III in the late 70's, but I have no further info on them except that they are supposed to be fairly good (this may be one of the arms made by Audiocraft for AT) and the more budget AT-1100. The company now has data on most of their tonearms available on their homepage in the form of PDF formatted scans of instruction sheets and sometimes engineering sheets as well but only in Japanese at the moment.
Baume
Information wanted on those arms (Pantograph etc).
Breuer Dynamics
The original superarm, introduced in the 70's this was the first arm to feature military spec bearings and to make a SME ltd. arm appear to be reasonably priced... The Model 8 has been made since the 80's mostly unchanged and the only outward difference is that early models have a silver coloured armtube but the current models have a black one.
Connoisseur
Arms that the company sold with their kit turntables and also separately. Further info would be appreciated.
Decca
The International was one of those early unipivots, had optional damping and no lifting mechanism so perhaps best used on a Thorens and with a low compliance cart, but nevertheless much beloved by the Germans for use with some MM pickups (I am beginning to understand why so many suppliers over there offer mid priced models with multiarm capability). The International was originally introduced in the late 60's and a updated version was released in the late 70's but I have not been able to get any info on the differences, but the arm can sound lovely esp. with an old Decca cart but shows its age when it comes to tracking and has a tendency to jump. Need more info on the Deram. The Mark 1, Mark 1 Super, the FFSS and FFSS Professional can only be used with vintage Decca carts are best left to the vintage buffs, there were adapters made to enable the use of those arms with standard pickups but those are rare.
Dynavector
All the arms from this company are high mass arms (at or over 1kg) that can be tricky to set up on a suspended turntable or light one, but very nice once you get it right. The earliest model was the DV-505 introduced in 1976 to much acclaim at the time, and discontinued in the mid 80's with the introduction of the 507 and is broadly similar to the current model but note that the 505 was considerably cheaper than the 507 so there are more of them about and they usually go much cheaper second-hand, so for an introduction to the Dynavector Clan you cannot go wrong with a 505, also note that the 505 did not come with an arm lifter, that was an optional item (DV-3A) but I gather that you can still get that lifter from the manufacturer or something compatible. The DV-501 model was introduced in 1982, it's lighter, stiffer and simpler than the 505 or 507 models and does not use the spring loaded VTF and Antiskate system that the other have, to some the 501 is the best of the bunch. And nota bene you can download the manuals for the 501 and the 505 from the company in a PDF format.
EMI
Made a variety of tonearms well into the 70's, some of the more usable models are the oil damped unipivots from the late 60's esp. the bigger broadcast models that came with a combination of a headshell and a cartridge, junk the cart and you have a nice vintage arm for you SPU.
EMT Studiotechnik
The earliest EMT arms are 12" OEM models from Ortofon but the company later made the 929 unipivot mostly for supplying with their own table but they turn up from time to time on other decks. Note that the heashell for this arm and some other EMT arms uses a Neumann connector (usually called an EMT headshell now) and is not compatible with standard headshell.
Electro Sonic Laboratories (ESL)
Odd this, looking at an ESL Gyro Balance 1000 and other of their late 50's, early 60's models it's very similar to old Ortofon arms, however in a 50's guidebook to hi-fi ESL is listed as a Danish company, so it not an OEM name, could be that Ortofon used this name for the US and Asian markets, that this was another Danish company that exported Orto products under it's own name or that this was a trade name used by them in between the original Fonofilm name and the one they use now. Anyhow, has a nice and smooth but not very detailed sound like so many vintage arms.
Eminent Technology
They still make an updated version of the air bering ET-II arm and those that are interested in the older models or already have one should note that the company sells the updated parts separately, there was I gather a ET-1 and we received mail from someone claiming to own one but no further info.
Expert
A model of a vintage "Expert Moving Coil Pickup" and arm were offered for sale recently but came with no information, if someone out there has any info please get in touch. One of the best looking arms ever made.
Exclusive
The EA-10 is another one of those 70's arms that is currently being sold for very high prices but I cannot find any further info on.
Farchild
Made a range of transcription arms from the 50's into the late 60's, all models that I have seen are 12" and while the earlier models such as the Model 282 should not be placed on a modern deck the slightly later Model 500 is sought after by collectors.
Fidelity Research
Made a well regarded line of arms to along with the cartridges that were their main line of business. The FR-64 series is probably the most common on the second hand market, the FR-64fx with a black anodised aluminium armtube and the FR-64s wich featured a Steel alloy tube are usually considered better than the plain model (that had an aluminium armtube if I remember correctly), the 64 series was made in the 70's and the MkII versions in the early 80's. The earlier FR-54 was not as well regarded and can usually be had cheap and the FR-66 line the most sought after, again the FX & S variants considered better. The 66 is a 16" arm, was the first tonearm to allow for on-the-fly VTA adjustment, it's not a transcription tonearm the 16" size is to minimise tracking errors. Also note that the FR-6x series arms could be ordered with internal silver wiring, but the markings on the arms are the same only the package has a silver coloured sticker to show this, and nota bene these are all high mass arms.
Garrard
While most arms that you will see sold from this company ware replacement arms for their turntables they actually did make separate transcription tonarms in the late 50's /early 60's that were called TPA-10 and TPA-12 and can be fitted on any deck, while not great, they have a lovely retro chic.
General Electric
Made arms well into the 60's, amongst their later models was the TM-2G Stereo Classic from the early 60's, by that time their arms were mostly intended for home hi-fi rather than transcription use.
Goldmund
The electronically controlled tangential arms T3 arm introduced in 1978 was the first product from the company, although it was not produced in any numbers until 1981, an upgraded version named the T3F was introduced in 1985, there was also a model availeble called T5 that is believed to be a less expensive variant.
Grace
Small Japanese company made a big splash when it came out with the first oil damped tonearms in the 50's, this page here has some minimal info on them. While the Japanese "single ended" crowd mostly hunts out for their 50's damped models and the 60's G340 and G440 models, the 60's and 70's era G-704, 840-F and the wood bodied 714 are more sough after in the west. The G-707 was introduced in the late 60's and continued in production well into the 80's, the original design replaced by the MkII in the mid 70's. This is by far the most commonly seen arm from the company and it was considered to be something of a bargain at the time, works well with high compliance carts.
Graham Engineering
This company has been constantly refining their unipivot arm design, this means that if you have a 1.5t or 2.0 arm you can upgrade it to the specification of their current 2.2 arm, as this is a bearing upgrade it's definitely worthwhile. No such luck for owners of older versions (bit odd since the only difference between the 1.5 and T was that the T model had Tungstein weights, and this was supplied by the company as a user upgrade at the time). The 1.5t/C was a version with a ceramic SW-3 armtube and was reviewed by Stereophile in 1995 and an archive of that review can be found here.
Gray
This American company manufactured preamplifiers and tonarms such as the 103-SL for transcription turntables in the 40's and early 50's, and we mean REAL transcription tables, those that are the size of a refrigerator and the 103 is indeed a heavy design that is not advisable to put onto a modern deck. In the mid 50's they however introduced the 108 series, a viscous damped unipivot that was considered THE arm to have by American audiophiles well into the early 60's and was made in quite a few variations, most of them 12" or 14" in length and are fairly easy to get on the second hand market. Later models such as the 12" 212 a design similar to the 108 but made out of aluminium are more difficult to get hold of.
G. F. C. Hadcock
The classic arm from this company is the GH-228 that dates from the early 80's and has indeed been re-launched recently in the slightly improved SE and Export versions, but note that most parts are interchangeable so if you have an old banger that is broken now is the time to act. Anyway the 228 is a 9" unipivot with optional dampening and replaceable armtubes and mates extremely well with low mass MM carts, the GH-230 was a more costly version of the 228 but I have not been able to find any concrete info on the differences except that the 230 was chrome plated. The company also had a standard pivot design for the lovers of MC's that was called GH-220 and was not as successful as the 228 neither sonically or saleswise, that model was replaced by the Soundtracer in 1984 shortly before the demise of the original Hadcock company, that model was cheap at the time but was ripped to shreds by the UK hi-fi press and vanished without a trace.
Harman Kardon See --> Rabco Tonearms
Helius Designs
UK company that made tonarms in the latter half of the 80's, models that we have seen include the Orion, an interesting model with a replaceable armtube, and the Aureus.
Infinity
The first arms that the company sold were actually Infinity branded versions of the Forrmula 4 Tonearms but in the late 70's it introduced a pivoted arm of it's own manufacture that featured a carbon fibre arm tube constructed out of the same carbon fibre material as the linear tracking arm on the The Infinity Airbearing Turntable, it is called Black Widow and is now considered something of a minor classic. It's a normally pivoted arm but features a very rigid low mass arm tube and is designed to mate with low mass/high compliance MM carts that were very popular amongst USA audiophiles in the 70's, it features a adjustable anti skating and an oil damped arm lifter and at the leas some (all ?) models featured an adjustable VTA. It is noted that late 70's models are marked just Black Widow but early 80's models are marked GF but there is no clear clue as to what the difference is, the same goes for the Mk II model that was introduced in the early 80's.
The Black Widow technical specifications are : Effective length : 237 mm. Total Cable Capacitance : 60 pF. Pickup Balancing Range : 4 to 8,5 grams. Offset angle : 21,017° (optimal 23,221°). Overhang : 14,359 mm (17,477 mm). Null Radii : 60,00 / 110,00 mm (opt. 66,04 and 120,9 mm).
JH Labs See --> Mayware Tonearms
JVC
Did sell separate tonarms in the late 60's/early 70's, although these were seldom stocked by specialist and possibly intended more as spares. Models such as the UA-7045 occasionally turn up.
Keith Monks Sound Systems
An English company that has exited more markets than most other companies have even entered. One of their products in the early 70's was the Labratory arm, one of the first lightweight unipivots that started to appear with the introduction of the ADC ultra light pickups. Sometimes referred to as the KMAL Labratory arm (shortening of Keith Monks Audio Limited) the arm is a damped 9" model and was considered too be quite good at the time a bit like a more refined Decca International arm perhaps and indeed according to reports this arm supposedly worked well with some Decca carts.
Koetsu
Made for a short period a conventional but finely crafted tonearm. Does anyone out there remember the name ?.
Koshin
Made the GST-801, an conventional high mass S shaped arm with a detachable headshell.
Lenco
The old L-75 arm from the 70's was probably only sold as spares, but it shows up NOS from time to time and is actually not a bad budget arm.
Linn
This may come as a surprise to some of you, but the Basik (LV X) and the Basik Plus (LV X+) arms were something less than overwhelming when they came out and by today's standards are very outdated. It was Linn's answer to requests made by dealers that wanted a cheap and cheerful arm and cart to go with the LP12 mostly to keep it within a certain price range. If you are looking at a buying a good player with this arm second hand you should factor in that you will have to change the arm to get the most out of you turntable, even a second hand Rega 250 will be a big improvement, and if you are buying from a dealer it might be worth a try to get him to offload the arm for you (there is plenty of Linn freaks out there that will buy almost anything with that name on it, esp. here in the UK, and ANY type of Linn arm will fetch at the lest as much as a Rega so you will). If you are dead set on a Linn arm you should note that the Akito that was introduced slightly later than the Basik+ is much better and can be found used for a similar price.
Magnepan
Made the Unitrac 1 arm, a low mass unipivot quite popular with some US audiophiles. Have heard that it can be difficult to mount without the correct cut-out.
Mark Levinson
Sold the Goldmund T-3 arm under it's own name in the early 80's and possibly a little bit before that.
Mayware
You can find the manual for the old Formula IV here, it was a lightweight silicon damped unipivot and quite nice for that type of arm in that price bracket (it retailed for less than 100 £ originally). Apparently this arm was sold in the USA as JH Labs Formula 4 but is rarer than the Mayware version, unknown if this was OEM's by the British company or if this was a Japanese arm that both of them imported.
McIntosh
Information on the tonearm that later resurfaced as the Graham Engineering arm..
Michell Engineering
Has never manufactured tonearms per se, but has recently sold rebadged Rega RB-250 arms with their turntables and they used to sell the Fluid oil damped unipivot arm in the 70's that I think was made for them by Transcriptors Limited.
Micro Seiki
Apparently some arms were manufactured by the company itself and some were sourced for Japanese OEM suppliers. The MA-505 series was manufactured in the 70's and early 80 are usually only marked Micro and some models Micro Seiki.
Mission/Cyrus
but the old britis audiophiles (the Linn/Naim types) prefer the original versions of the 774.
Micro-Trak
Had a range of arms including the JC1-AC.
Mission
Introduced the 774 a "DC-coupled transcription tone-arm" in 1979.
Odyssey
Made the Gold Signature and the more common RP1-XG arms.
Ortofon
RF-297.
Pickering
Had the Flux-Valve Cartridge Arm in the 60's, best left alone as it was something of a dog and even the most hardened Japanese single tiode/50's tech fans screams bloody murder when they hear that name :).
Pierre Lurne
Apart from the Romeo and SL-5 arms that are now sold as Audiomeca Tonearms this French company made and earlier tangential arm called SL-3.
Rabco
Introduced in 1968 and one of the first linear tonearms on the market, not a great sales success originally but after the take-over by Harman Kardon slightly improved models such as ST-4, ST-6, ST-7 and SL-8E models sold quite well in the 70's in the USA, however notorious for being difficult to set-up, and maintaining an optimal set-up on one of them can test your patience. The SL-8E is battery driven (was there a straight 8 non "electric" version ?). A gentleman called David C. Shreve designed improvements to the SL-8E that involved an improved clutch mechanism and replacing the metal wires with a nylon sting, these were apparently, these were quite popular modifications at the time and the consensus is that they were worthwhile, at the least Shreve modified arm fetch higher prices on the second hand market.
SAEC
High quality SME ltd. like Japanese tonearms, this page here has the specs for most of the arms that the company made and further info on the 407 arm can be had here. The WE-308L & WE308N are fairly common and usually not that expensive used but note that the SX version of that arm usually goes for 2x the price of the L & N versions on the Japanese second hand market. The WE-8000 was as their top of the line arm.
Simply Physics
American company that made a linear tracking air bering tonearm called Aviator.
SME ltd.
Bit difficult to talk about discontinued tonearms from this company since apart from the original Series 1 that was made in the late 50's and early/mid 60's you can still get any variant of SME custom built for you by the company, because of how uncommon it's on the market the S1 also commands a higher second hand price than the S2 but it's sonically inferior.... see the current lineup of SME Tonearms for info on later models.
Souther
While the current German made arms are clearly superior to the American made models they are also quite a bit more expensive and the last Souther model made in the US the tangential SLA-3 pops regularly up on eaby and the usual places at keen prices, it also appears that you can purchase an upgrade kit (or a factory upgrade, this is not clear from the price list) from Clearaudio to convert a SLA3 model to a TQ-I Mk2000 specification.
Stax
The Unofficial Stax Homepage has information on most of their vintage tonearms, note that although the main page is in Japanese the more interesting units also have an English description, and the company itself has a nice history page that has technical info on some of their older products inc. arms.
Sumiko
Made a small range of tonearms in the 80's and early 90's using the Premier trademark including the budget MMT, the FT-3 and the FT-4 oil damped arms, and the top of the line MDC-800.
Synrix
I have seen a few arms mentioned from this British company, the PU-2, the PU-2 Gold, PU-3, PU-3B and Le Profile. Much beloved by the xenofobic British.
Syntec
Australian company that made a 12" broadcast arm called S-220 in the early 70's, fairly standard S shaped arm with a replaceable headshell and suitable for high compliance carts only.
Systemdeck
The Profile II arm that came with the cheaper versions of the Systemdecks as (in both Mk I & 2 versions) was a fairly standard Jelco OEM job and can be made to fit most tables, although we have seen references to a later version of the Profile 2 MkII being a completely different Japanese OEM arm.
Technics
Made one classic tonearm the EPA-100 an ultra lightweight arm from the late 70's made out of titanium nitride hardened by nitrogen gas, with viscous damping, the MkII version that was introduced in 1982 is considered to be even better than the original. Although another model the early 80's EPA-501H is of interest as well, unusually for a Technics arm it's a straight replaceable armtube with a fixed headshell (titanium nitride again) and an on the fly VTA and is usually considerably cheaper second hand. 2 other late 70's/early 80's models are the EPA-250 and EPA-500 .
Thorens
You do not often see the name Thorens mentioned when people discuss the great tonearms of the past but even though the tonearms supplied by the company were mostly meant to be stock units that were sold at a discount with their tables or bundle with them. Earlyier models such as the BDT-12S and TP-14were sold separately from the turntables but were also bundled, newer models like the budget TP-16 were mostly only sold with tables such as TD-115, but were despite the bad rap that the stock Thorens arms tend to get, some of the best low budget models ever made (keep in mind that a Thorens 105 with one of these arms retailed for less than a budget tonarm by itself).
Transcriptors Limited
Made a variety of tonearms but the only one that really was distributed independently apart from their turntables in any numbers was the Vestigal, a mass divided arm that featured a pivoted headshell, originally shipped with the Skeleton turntable but later VS-330 type sold separately and much more common. Did not sound all that great and was really only useable with a small range of pickups but an interesting design nevertheless, it also sold fairly well in the US and can thus often been seen on ebay for not all that high prices. The RS-Labs tonearm has a similar pivoted head done right (but is unipivot rather than mass divided).
Wheaton
The arm that is currently sold as the Triplanar Tonearms was made under this name in earlier incarnations, production started in the early 80's with the MkI.
Ultracraft
The 5000 is a legendary Japanese unipivot from the 70's, had replaceable armtubes (unusual on a uni), with subsitute armtubes being of differing lengths as well as of different materials as is more common today.
Vintage Tonearms
Listed here are tone arms from the 50's and 60's that is perfectly possible to attach to a modern turntable setup but little reason to do so ... actually there are vintage tonearms listed as well in the section above but these are models that are often seen in use today.
Astatic
Made a range of arms from the 50's well into the late 60's, models like the B10 look very nice but are really only usable with old Astatic pickups.
Burne-Jones (BJ)
Made an innovative pivoted arms in the late 50's called Stereo Tan/II and Stereo Super '90' Mk. II, unlike most other such arms the pivoting action was on the tonearm base rather than on the headshell, the idea later resurfaced on the Garrard Zero tonearms (and according to some the Garrard arm was actually based on the BJ arm), but those arms are really only suitable for 50's carts.
Euphonics
Odball tonearm/cartridge combination made in the USA in the early 60's, the model we have seen for sale is the TK-15 LS and the manufacturer referred to it as a "Miniconic Phono System", it came with a power supply that according to the manufacturer sent voltages to the arm to "minimise record wear" ??!?.
Game Industries
A combination crystal cart and arm called STE-35 shows up from time to time on ebay as NOS, apart from that no info.
Leak
Made an tonearm and a dynamic cartridge that was sold as a pair, usually with a transformer as well. Bit unusual as the since the company did not manufacture turntables but bought those from an OEM. anyway the cartridge mount is the old square type and thus mostly of interest for the collector.
Western Electric
Made lots of arms intended for use with transcription and broadcast turntables in the 50's such as the 9A, they will however only work with cartridge/headshell combis from the company iteself so that limits their usefulness somewhat.
Electric Reproducers
Listed here are early tonearms that have no place in a turntable setup but may have interest for the collector (i.e.. they are so old and outdated the not even the vintage buffs are interested). These date from the 20's right into the late 50's, most of them are a combination of an arm and pickup even though pickups were often sold separately even as early as in late 20's, they usually only fitted a specific tonearm. Most of the arms were sold to those that already had acoustic Grammophones or to those that built their own turntables and since they were usually connected to a radio they came with a volume control.
Amplion
Very nice looking arm made out of brown Bakelite, came with a volume control.
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